The temporal evolution in disease phenotype of COVID-19 hospitalisation, intensive care and case fatality rates in cancer patients across the United Kingdom (UKCCP)

Background: People living with cancer are reported to be at increased risk of hospitalization and death following infection with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is proposed to be dependent on a combination of intrinsic patient and cancer factors such as cancer subtype, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with differing pathogenicity. However, COVID-19 phenotype evolution across the pandemic from 2020 has not yet been systematically evaluated in cancer patients. Method(s): This study is a population-scale real-world evaluation of Coronavirus outcomes in the United Kingdom for cancer patients from 1st November 2020-31st August 2022. The cancer cohort comprises individuals from Public Health England's national cancer dataset, excluding individuals less than 18 years old. Case-outcome rates, including hospitalization, intensive care and casefatality rates were used to assess the evolution in disease phenotype of COVID-19 in cancer patients. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to compare risk of Coronavirus outcomes in the cancer cohort relative to the non-cancer population during the Omicron wave in 2022. Result(s): The cancer cohort comprised of 198,819 positive SARS-CoV-2 tests from 127,322 individual infections. Coronavirus case-outcome rates were evaluated by reference to 18,188,573 positive tests from 15,801,004 individual infections in the non-cancer population. From 2020 to 2022, the SARS-CoV-2 disease phenotype became less severe in both patients with cancer and the non-cancer population, though cancer patients remain at higher risk. In 2022, the relative risk of Coronavirus hospital admission, inpatient hospitalization, intensive care admission and mortality in cancer patients was 3.02x, 2.10x, 2.53x and 2.54x compared to the non-cancer population following multivariable adjustment, respectively. Higher risk of hospital admission and inpatient hospitalization were associated with receipt of B/T cell antibody and/or targeted therapy which also corresponded with an increased risk of Coronavirus mortality. Conclusion(s): The disease phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients in 2022 has evolved significantly from the disease phenotype in 2020. Direct effects of the virus in terms of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization, intensive care and case fatality rates have fallen significantly over time. However, relative to the general population, people living with cancer and hematological malignancies remain at elevated risk. In order to mitigate the indirect effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in terms of disruption to cancer care, there should be increased focus on preventative measures. Used in conjunction with vaccination and early treatment programs, this will maximize quality of life for those with cancer during the ongoing pandemic and ensure the best cancer outcomes.

Surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt and Experience of a Private Medical School in Malaysia

As a small group of academicians in a private medical university in Malaysia, we observed, in 2020, how the COVID-19 pandemic, changed our lives and the lives of our students. We would like to share our experiences in this commentary. It describes the contingency plans taken by the School of Medicine at International Medical University (IMU) to ensure that the delivery of the medical curriculum and its assessments has the best possible outcome in these tumultuous times, with plans to improve the delivery of teaching and learning, with an emphasis on technology-enhanced learning (TEL). We hope that this commentary is beneficial to those reading and that the contingency plans developed by IMU will help other institutions in the country and in this region navigate safely through the COVID-19 storm. © Malaysian Association of Education in Medicine and Health Sciences and Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2023.

Systematic Review of the Clinical Effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab for Prophylaxis of Covid-19 in Immunocompromised Patients

Background/Aims Immunocompromised patients have a reduced ability to generate antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination, and are at a high risk of SARSPOSTERS CoV-2 infection, complications and mortality. Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld) is a combination of two monoclonal antibodies which bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, preventing the virus entering human cells. Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab has been approved as COVID-19 prophylaxis for immunocompromised individuals, and is being used in over 32 different countries. The phase III PROVENT clinical trial found that high-risk participants prophylactically administered Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab had a significantly reduced risk of COVID- 19 infection after three and six months compared to controls. However, the PROVENT trial was conducted prior to the SARS-CoV- 2 Omicron wave, and did not include participants who had been previously vaccinated or infected. This systematic review provides an updated summary of the real-world clinical evidence of the efficacy of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab for immunocompromised patients. The review reports breakthrough COVID-19 infections as its primary outcome. COVID-19-related hospitalisations, ITU admissions and mortality were included as secondary outcomes. Methods Two independent reviewers conducted electronic searches of PubMed and Medxriv, on 03/08/22 and 01/10/22. Clinical studies which reported the primary outcome of breakthrough COVID-19 infections after Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab administration were included. Clinical effectiveness was determined using the case-control clinical effectiveness methodology. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between intervention and control groups were also calculated. The GRADE tool was used to assess the level of certainty for the primary outcome. Results 17 clinical studies were included in the review, with a total of 24,773 immunocompromised participants from across the world, of whom 10,775 received Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab. One randomised controlled trial, ten retrospective cohort studies (two of which were preprints) and six prospective cohort studies (one preprint) were included. The majority of studies reported clinical outcomes during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron wave. Six studies compared a Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab intervention group to a control group. Reasons for participant immunocompromise included rheumatology patients treated with immunosuppressant drugs, transplant recipients and those with malignancies. Overall, the clinical effectiveness of prophylactic Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab against COVID- 19 breakthrough infection was 40.47% (CI 29.82-49.67;p<0.0001), COVID-19 hospitalisation- 69.23% (CI: 50.78-81.64;p<0.00001), ITU admission- 87.89% (CI: 47.12-98.66;p=0.0008), all-cause mortality- 81.29% (66.93-90.28;p<0.0001 and COVID-19-specifc mortality- 86.36% (CI:-6.21-99.70;p=0.0351). Conclusion There is a growing body of real-world evidence validating the original PROVENT phase III study regarding the clinical effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab as prophylaxis for immunocompromised groups, notably demonstrating effectiveness during the Omicron wave. This systematic review demonstrates the significant clinical effectiveness of prophylactic Tixagevimb/Cilgavimab at reducing COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, ITU admission and mortality for immunosuppressed individuals. It is critically important that largerscale and better-controlled studies are performed to highlight the significant clinical benefit of prophylactic antibody treatment in immunocompromised groups.

Preventing Domain Name Infringement: An Introduction to Approaches Adopted by the United Nations, the European Union, and Taiwan

The boom in e-commerce around the world since the COVID-19 outbreak has indirectly yet markedly affected business brands and the marketing strategies they use to promote products and services. To effectively respond to this e-commerce trend, companies must formulate plans to navigate the new digital business landscape and to ensure that their brands stand out from those of competitors. A domain name is a string of text that represents a company. Users type a domain name or URL into a browser's search bar to reach a particular website that they wish to view. All registered domain names are unique and cannot be used by anyone other than their owner. For these reasons, some scholars suggested that domain names must be protected through intellectual property laws. However, because the owner of a registered domain name is only entitled to use that particular domain name for a specific period and thus does not have full ownership of it, domain names are not protected by copyright. Because domain names can be used to promote businesses, improve companies' reputation, and create business opportunities similar to any other form of intellectual property, many cases of domain name infringement have been occurred. Such cases include copying of the domain name owned by somebody else to deceive customers into believing a camouflage website is the corresponding official website. Various preventive measures and policies have been adopted in many countries to resolve such disputes. Taiwan's legal system, however, has not yet taken action to avoid such disputes. Any cases regarding the infringement of domain names can only be handled through negotiation, investigation, and evidence collection. First of all, this paper will introduce the definition of a domain name and then describe the types of infringement may occur in various situations as well as the policies regarding domain name management and protection. This study can serve as a useful reference for Taiwan's legal practitioners and future researchers.

Assessing risk among frail older adults in Ontario, Canada, during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods evaluation of a telephone outreach program

We developed a pandemic telephone outreach protocol to identify risk for social isolation, health destabilization, medication issues, inadequate services and supports, and caregiver stress among older adults at high risk of destabilization. Screening, conducted between April 1, 2020, and May 8, 2020, was targeted to those who had previously been screened as frail or who were identified as vulnerable by their family physician. This study describes the implementation and results of this risk screening protocol and describes patient, caregiver, and health professional perceptions of this outreach initiative. Mixed methods included satisfaction surveys and interviews completed by patients/caregivers (N = 300 and N = 26, respectively) and health professionals (N = 18 and N = 9, respectively). A medical record audit collected information on patient characteristics and screening outcomes. A total of 335 patients were screened in the early weeks of the pandemic, of whom 23% were identified with at least one risk factor, most commonly related to the potential for health destabilization and medication risk. Follow-up referrals were made most frequently to physicians, a pharmacist, and a social worker. The outreach calls were very well received by patients and caregivers who described feeling cared for and valued at a time when they were socially isolated and lonely. The outreach calls provided access to trusted COVID-19 information and reassurance that health care was still available. The majority of health professionals (>86%) were "very" or "extremely" satisfied with the ease of completing the screening via telephone and value for time spent;for 79% the protocol was "very" or "extremely" feasible to implement. Health professional interviews revealed that patients were unaware they could access care during the pandemic lockdown but were reassured that care was available, potential crises were averted, and they supported future implementation. Risk screening provides a significant opportunity to provide information, support, and mitigate potential risks and is an important and feasible component of pandemic planning in primary care.

Can Underprivileged Children Learn Effectively at Home? A Six-Month Study of Game-based Traditional Chinese Learning During the Pandemic Lockdown

The COVID-19 pandemic has suspended physical classes, and influenced students from underprivileged groups more seriously due to their poor living conditions and digital disadvantages. To understand the impact of the constrained learning, we conducted a study on game-based learning to examine the effectiveness of computer-aided and autonomous learning of traditional Chinese by underprivileged students. From December 2020 to May 2021, we collected 3,245 quiz results from 26 underprivileged students over six months. The quizzes systematically covered the fundamentals of learning traditional Chinese in six aspects, i.e., literacy, orthography, phonology, morphology, speaking, and writing. We analyzed the results to understand the learning efficacy of students. Remarkably, students can significantly improve their skills in literacy and phonology through unsupervised game-based learning. Furthermore, by parsing the writing tasks, we observe substantial improvements among 7 out of 13 common types of writing mistakes. Our study provides a critical lens to understand the design opportunities of game-based learning without direct supervision. IEEE

Quantifying the reduction of airborne infectious viral load using a ventilated patient hood.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers treating SARS-CoV-2 patients are at risk of infection by respiratory exposure to patient-emitted, virus-laden aerosols. Source control devices such as ventilated patient isolation hoods have been shown to limit the dissemination of non-infectious airborne particles in laboratory tests, but data on their performance in mitigating the airborne transmission risk of infectious viruses are lacking. AIM: We used an infectious airborne virus to quantify the ability of a ventilated hood to reduce infectious virus exposure in indoor environments. METHODS: We nebulized 109 plaque forming units (pfu) of bacteriophage PhiX174 virus into a ∼30-m3 room when the hood was active or inactive. The airborne concentration of infectious virus was measured by BioSpot-VIVAS and settle plates using plaque assay quantification on the bacterial host Escherichia coli C. The airborne particle number concentration (PNC) was also monitored continuously using an optical particle sizer. FINDINGS: The median airborne viral concentration in the room reached 1.41 × 105 pfu/m3 with the hood inactive. When active, the hood reduced infectious virus concentration in air samples by 374-fold. The deposition of infectious virus on the surface of settle plates was reduced by 87-fold. This was associated with a 109-fold reduction in total airborne particle number escape rate. CONCLUSION: A personal ventilation hood significantly reduced airborne particle escape, considerably lowering infectious virus contamination in an indoor environment. Our findings support the further development of source control devices to mitigate nosocomial infection risk among healthcare workers exposed to airborne viruses in clinical settings.

Losing talent due to COVID-19: The roles of anger and fear on industry turnover intentions

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the US hospitality industry workforce experienced significant job loss via furloughs and job eliminations. Over a year later, the American hospitality industry is now facing a labor shortage. However, there is a dearth of literature explaining why the hospitality industry's response due to a mega-event, like the pandemic, can motivate employees to leave the hospitality industry. Instead, theory and research have primarily focused on organizations as the focal point for understanding turnover, while neglecting the industry. Using the affect theory of social exchange, this paper examined how anger and fear related to job status changes (i.e., being furloughed or laid-off) due to the pandemic, influence intentions to leave the industry. Study 1 used a survey of management-level employees, whereas Study 2 used an experiment to test the proposed model. Both studies showed that employees who lost their job due to the pandemic felt more anger and fear than those still employed. However, mediation analyses revealed anger, but not fear, as the primary driver of industry turnover intentions. These results highlight a potentially problematic trend. Should skilled hospitality workers switch industries due to job loss amidst an industry-wide negative event, it may become difficult for hospitality businesses to find qualified employees once the industry recovers and rehiring begins. © 2022 The Authors

The dual pandemic: COVID-19, systemic racism, and college student-athletic mental health

The dual pandemic of 2020–COVID-19 and systemic racism–continues to reshape society. The current study examines how this dual pandemic contributes to the psychological distress of college student-athletes, with attention to college student-athletes who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of colour (BIPOC). A total of 222 student-athletes from nine universities completed the online survey. Student-athletes reported COVID-19 had a moderate impact on daily life. The direct effect of COVID-19 on psychological distress was found to be positive and significant but did not differ for BIPOC and White participants. Additionally, nearly all BIPOC student-athletes reported experiencing systemic racism;yet the level of systemic racism did not predict psychological distress. Findings provide insight related to the importance of mental health among college student-athletes. © 2022 International Society of Sport Psychology.

Re-shaping Post-COVID-19 Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint of Virtual-Physical Blended Classrooms i n the Metaverse Era

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have experienced some form of remote education through video conferencing software platforms. However, these software platforms fail to reduce immersion and replicate the classroom experience. The currently emerging Metaverse addresses many of such limitations by offering blended physical-digital environments. This paper aims to assess how the Metaverse can support and improve e-learning. We first survey the latest applications of blended environments in education and highlight the primary challenges and opportunities. Accordingly, we derive our proposal for a virtual-physical blended classroom configuration that brings students and teachers into a shared educational Metaverse. We lOcus on the system architecture of the Metaverse classroom to achieve real-time synchronization of a large number of participants and activities across physical (mixed reality classrooms) and virtual (remote VR platform) learning spaces. Our proposal attempts to transform the traditional physical classroom into virtual-physical cyberspace as a new social network of learners and educators connected at an unprecedented scale.

Can Students with Dyslexia Learn Independently? A Seven-Week Study of Chinese Character Learning in an Informal Learning Environment

Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that affects primary school students, which is difficult to tackle through traditional school learning due to limited resources. To this end, large-scale digital learning presents new opportunities to address the need for inclusive education. A unique challenge for students with dyslexia in Hong Kong is learning Chinese characters. In this paper, we investigate whether students with dyslexia can learn the writing of Chinese characters independently in an informal learning environment. For that purpose, we developed a mobile application for learning to write Chinese characters with three different writing conditions. First, students learn new Chinese characters in Condition 1: Grid+Contour+Instruction. Then, students strengthen their memory of the learned Chinese characters in Condition 2: Grid+Contour. Finally, students retrieve the memory of the learned Chinese characters in Condition 3: Grid Only. Students with dyslexia demonstrated a significant improvement after practicing with the three-condition design. For example, they wrote much slower than students without dyslexia before the study but caught up over time. This study contributes an approach to facilitate the self-paced learning of students with dyslexia at scale. IEEE

Impact of Covid-19-Related Restricted Family Presence Policies on Canadian Picu Clinicians: A Cross-Sectional Survey

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Widely-implemented restricted family presence (RFP) policies/practices during the COVID-19 pandemic were counter to family centered values embraced by many PICUs. This study explored the impact of implementing and enforcing these policies on Canadian PICU clinicians. METHOD(S): Cross-sectional survey of Canadian PICU clinicians. We developed an online, self-administered, survey to assess 1. Family presence policy and practice changes;2. Experience and opinions;3. Moral distress (Moral Distress Thermometer);and 4. Impact (Impact of Event Scale [IES] and attributable stress [5-point Likert scale]). Analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA;biand multi-variable stepwise regression assessed correlations. RESULT(S): Of 388 respondents representing 17/19 PICUs, 368 (94.1%) indicated that they experienced RFP policies and were predominantly female (n=333, 90.7%), English speaking (n=338, 91.8%), and RN (n=240, 65.2%). Incongruence between RFP policies/practices and PICU values was perceived by 66% (n=217). Most (n=235, 71%) felt their opinions were not valued when implementing policies. Though restrictions were perceived as beneficial to clinicians (n=252, 76%) and families (n=236, 75%), and 52% (n=171) felt RFP made their work easier, 57% (n=188) disagreed that their RFP experience was mainly positive. The median (IQR) reported moral distress was 5 (2-6) (n=307, scale 0-10);the strongest predictor was perception of differential impact of RFP on families. The mean (SD) total IES score (n=290, 78.8%) was 29.7 (10.5), suggesting moderate traumatic stress. For 56% (n=176) there was increased/significantly increased attributable stress. CONCLUSION(S): PICU-based RFP rules, designed and implemented without clinician input, caused increased emotional burden.

Association between Invitation Method and Response Rate: Results of a Multi-Centered National Survey of Canadian Picu Families

BACKGROUND AND AIM: National surveys soliciting family experiences present challenges and opportunities. We performed a pan-Canadian, multi-centered, online survey of family experiences with restricted family presence in PICU during COVID-19. Sites chose from 6 respondent approach methods. This sub-study explores relationships between invitation methods and response rates. METHOD(S): Information was collected from the 11 participating sites via e-mail-based survey to determine: eligible participant numbers;invitation method;time from PICU admission to survey invitation;contact methods for bereaved and non-bereaved families;participation barriers and facilitators. Responses were quantified using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank order correlation. Free texts were inductively coded. RESULT(S): Sites invited families of PICU patients admitted during 4-month periods, beginning March 2020 (n=9) and/or November 2020 (n=3). Invitations were sent a mean (SD) of 7.7 (2.8) months post-admission. The overall survey response rate was 270/1005 invited families (27%). The mean institution response rate was 27% (SD=13%, range 4-50%) and was highest for sites using postal invite with telephone follow-up (43%, n=2), followed by telephone approach (26%, n=7), text message paired with social media posts and posters (22%, n=1), and postal invite alone (n=1, 8%). Bereaved families received a personalized telephone call. Time from admission to invitation was inversely correlated with response rate (rs = -0.70, p=0.02). Most common recruitment barriers were lack of funded research personnel (n=4) and REB requiring initial contact by care team rather than researchers (n=3). CONCLUSION(S): Multi-centre surveys with unfunded site participation face challenges. Postal invitation with telephone follow-up may improve response rates.

"These Rules Are So Cruel": Bedside Picu Healthcare Providers' Impactful Experiences Associated with Covid-19- Related Restricted Family Presence: A Qualitative Analysis of Free Text

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Family centered care is a core value adopted by most healthcare providers (HCPs) working in North American PICUs. Restricted family presence (RFP) policies adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic threatened this value, with the potential for significant impact. This study explores how implementing and enforcing RFP policies impacted bedside HCPs in PICUs. METHOD(S): We conducted a national, online, selfadministered cross-sectional survey of bedside HCPs from all 19 Canadian PICUs about their experience with RFP. The Impact of Event Scale (IES), an existing validated scale, was included as a survey instrument. Prior to completing the scale, respondents were asked to describe the impactful experience(s) that they planned to reference. The resulting free-text responses were inductively coded for emergent themes, which were discussed for consensus. RESULT(S): 146/388 survey respondents completed the IES (94% English speaking;62% RN, 18% MD, 15% RT;87% self-identified women). Six themes related to impactful situations or events emerged from the event descriptions: 1. Concern about the impact on the patient and family (n=57);2. Non-family centered end-of-life situations (n=43, including 5 who reported family members unable to be present for a death);3. Separating families and denying access (n=36);4. The general, overall experience (n=25), a subtheme of which was "RFP was a positive or neutral experience" (n=13);5. Policies and enforcement felt unjust and unfair (n=23);and 6. Family member non-compliance and aggressive reactions (n=15). CONCLUSION(S): Bedside HCPs experienced multiple impactful, potentially trauma-inducing situations related to RFP.

The Experience of Picu Leaders with Restricted Family Presence during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Descriptive Interview Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, restricted family presence (RFP) policies were rapidly developed and implemented. PICU leadership was instrumental in dissemination, clarification, and policy enforcement. However, the experience of PICU leaders has not been explored. This study examines the lived experience of physician leads and operational/clinical managers with RFP policies and practices in the PICU. METHOD(S): Qualitative descriptive study. We invited physician leads and managers from all Canadian PICUs to participate in telephone or virtual, audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed. We performed inductive content analysis: three researchers generated a codebook, two independent coders met regularly to compare codes and refine the codebook, and three researchers organized the data into themes. RESULT(S): We interviewed 9 managers and 15 physician leads from 13 Canadian PICUs. We identified 6 main themes. (1) Operationalizing the policies required enhancement and adaptation of usual leadership roles while (2) working in the middle of organizational hierarchy. (3) The RFP policies made explicit the need to balance stakeholder safety with compassion in caring for the sickest children. (4) Most PICU leaders perceived unintended effects of the RFP policies as having a negative impact on families, healthcare providers, and family centered care. (5) Implementing, communicating, and enforcing restrictions took personal tolls on many of the leaders. (6) Leaders recognized multiple opportunities for policy improvements. CONCLUSION(S): RFP policies had significant professional and personal impacts on PICU leaders, who identified both unintended consequences of and future opportunities for restricted presence policies.

"We Aren't Meant to Go through the Hardest Parts of Our Lives Alone": Caregiver Supports during Covid-19- Related Picu Presence Restrictions: A Mixed Methods Survey Analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple Canadian PICUs restricted presence to one caregiver. Though patients could receive support, sources of caregiver support were limited. We sought to examine caregiver support during PICU admission under restricted family presence policies. METHOD(S): We conducted a cross-sectional survey of caregiver experience with restriction policies in Canadian PICUs. Support, or lack thereof, emerged as a dominant theme. Hence, in this sub-study, open-ended questions were analyzed using inductive content analysis, focusing on the concept of support. Likert-scale questions related to being alone at a PICU bedside were summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULT(S): 250 respondents experienced restriction policies (Mean [SD] age 38.8[8.4] years;226[91%] primarily Englishspeaking;230[92%] post-secondary education;208[83%] in a maternal role). Of 187 responses referring to the most difficult aspects of RFP policies, 84 (45%) addressed lack of support. Respondents felt alone in facing the admission and its associated experiences (n=32). RFP resulted in unmet needs for: emotional/moral support (n=42);a specific person's presence (n=28);and respite (n=10). Lack of support impaired medical care, communication, and decisionmaking (n=23). Weighted for strength of agreement, the top situation in which respondents were alone and both wished for a support person (n=9, 81.8%) and felt it was traumatic being alone (n=6, 85.7%) was when their child died. Nonweighted, the highest agreement was when the child's condition worsened (n=99 [89.2%] "wanted support" and n=94 [87.8%] "it was traumatic"). CONCLUSION(S): Restricted family presence policies in PICUs limited caregivers' access to social support systems, resulting in unmet needs and traumatic experiences.

Clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Background. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is well-known for its broad spectrum of immune-related phenotypes similar to those seen in autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, evidence has gradually accumulated that COVID-19 may induce systemic inflammatory manifestations such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome, haemophagocytic syndromes, and systemic vasculitis. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a small vessel vasculitis characterised by necrotising vasculitis. So far, there have been several case reports regarding AAV occurrence after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which have indicated a triggering potential of SARS-CoV-2 infection for AAV occurrence. This study investigated the rate of ANCA positivity and its clinical significance in COVID-19 patients. Methods. This study included 178 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who were enrolled in a cohort of a single center. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA from the stored blood sera were measured using the immunoassay kits. Mortality, mechanical ventilator care, and severe infection were assessed as poor outcomes. Severe infection was defined as a medical condition that required a high-flow nasal cannula and/or mechanical ventilator care. The 2022 American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for the three subtypes of AAV were applied only to patients who had MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA among the study subjects Results. The detection rate of ANCA positivity was 18.5%: MPO-ANCA and PR3-ANCA were found in 22 (12.4%) and 14 (7.9%) patients. Patients with ANCA positivity exhibited a lower cumulative survival rate than those without, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.057). However, neither MPO-ANCA nor PR3-ANCA affected the three poor outcomes. According to the new criteria, 12 (6.7%) and 21 (11.8%) patients were classified as having granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) Neither ANCA positivity nor ANCA subtype (MPO-ANCA and PR3-ANCA) positivity had a significant influence on poor outcomes of SARS-CoV-2. ANCA: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody;MPO: myeloperoxidase;PR3: proteinase 3;SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Conclusion. SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the rate of ANCA positivity, which may not affect poor outcomes but contribute to the classification of GPA and MPA despite uncertain clinical significance.

Co-Archiving a Ballet Repertory Course during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Archiving is a process of organizing and creating content for sustainable, long-term access. However, the “archivists” actively shape the content in the realm of the performing arts, which often involves adding a new layer of knowledge to the original artform. This article explores the archiving of a ballet repertory course conducted in a higher education institution in Hong Kong during the pandemic, including the archival product and the collaborative process between a multidisciplinary team of people from dance, education, and library science. While teaching repertory online has its challenges, being “online” also offered unique learning experiences. Aiming to illustrate the topics related to hybrid pedagogy and individual creativity in use during the pandemic, the team conducted interviews with some participants for the purpose of creating a series of short educational films. These materials were collected and stored in the institution’s digital repository as the first archive for a specific course. © 2022 National Dance Education Organization.

Perception from Students Regarding Online Synchronous Interactive Teaching in The Clinical Year during COVID-19 Pandemic

Aim: The global pandemic of COVID-192020 has led to the extensive practice of online synchronous learning. Our primary goal is to compare different learning activities to evaluate students' perceptions. Moreover, we also aim to identify factors influencing their perception and satisfaction in these activities. Method(s): We have divided the online activities into bedside teaching, practical skill sessions, tutorials or problem-based learning, and lectures. A questionnaire was distributed to our clinical year students to document their perceptions. Result(s): Three hundred sixty-eight valid responses were received among these four learning activities combined (96 from bedside teaching, 67 from practical skill sessions, 104 from PBL/tutorial, and 101 from lecture). With the relative positive perception regarding online PBL and tutorials and preference for online lectures, there is a high possibility that these classes will remain online. To further improve their experience, students should turn on their videos during lectures. During online PBL and tutorials, good audio and video quality should always be ensured while being encouraged to remain their mic switched on. Online practical skill classes scored high in the DREEM-extracted questionnaire but were not preferred over face-to-face classes. Implementing online classes in this category should remain cautious with the limitations of tools, practice, and feedback. Good audio and video quality may help improve the experience. Conclusion(s): The advantages of learning online may lead to a persistent practice of online teaching after this pandemic. This study provides insight and specific areas that need to improve.